Definition and Ruling on al-Gheebah (Backbiting)
Question:
What is the definition of gheebah and what is the ruling on it?
Answer:
Praise be to Allah.
Al-Gheebah [backbiting, gossip] means that a person mentions the faults of his Muslim brother in his absence, which he would not like if he heard about it, when there is no need to mention them.
When I say: “Mentions the faults of his brother”, this excludes cases when the other person says something to praise or commend him.
When I say: “Muslim brother”, this excludes the kaafir [non-Muslim], for there is no gheebah in the case of a kaafir.
When I say: “In his absence”, this excludes things said in his presence, which is not called al-gheebah according to the more correct of the two scholarly opinions.
When I say: “Which he would dislike if he heard about it”, this excludes things which he would not mind.
When I say: “When there is no need to mention them”, this excludes cases when there is a Shar’i [legal religious] reason for doing that, such as warning against an innovator to make people aware of his Bid’ah [innovation].
It is essential to pay attention to the following in such cases:
- Sincerity towards Allah and seeking His pleasure.
- Paying attention to the interests being served by such things.
- What is said should be limited to the shortcomings in question and should not go further, to matters in which there is no benefit.
The scholars agreed that it is haraam [impermissible] to talk behind a person’s back for no legitimate purpose. Most of them stated that this is a major sin and that it varies in degree, some kinds being worse than others. The one who backbites about a scholar is not like one who backbites about an ignorant person. Allah says:
وَلَا يَغْتَب بَّعْضُكُم بَعْضًا ۚ أَيُحِبُّ أَحَدُكُمْ أَن يَأْكُلَ لَحْمَ أَخِيهِ مَيْتًا فَكَرِهْتُمُوهُ
“Neither backbite one another. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother? You would hate it (so hate backbiting). And fear Allah. Verily, Allah is the One Who forgives and accepts repentance, Most Merciful.” [49:12]
In Sahih Muslim it is narrated from al-‘Ala ibn ‘Abdur-Rahman from his father from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ: “أَتَدْرُونَ مَا الْغِيبَةُ.” قَالُوا اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ: ”ذِكْرُكَ أَخَاكَ بِمَا يَكْرَهُ.” قِيلَ: “أَفَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ كَانَ فِي أَخِي مَا أَقُولُ. قَالَ: ”إِنْ كَانَ فِيهِ مَا تَقُولُ فَقَدِ اغْتَبْتَهُ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيهِ فَقَدْ بَهَتَّهُ.” رواه مسلم
“Do you know what al-gheebah is?” They said: “Allah and His Messenger know best.” He said: “That you say something about your brother that he dislikes.” He was asked: “What if what I say about my brother is true?” He said: “If what you say is true then you have gossiped about him, and if it is not true then you have slandered him.”
Abu Dawood narrated in his Sunan via Nawfal ibn Masahiq from Sa’eed ibn Zayd that the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:
عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ: “إِنَّ مِنْ أَرْبَى الرِّبَا الاِسْتِطَالَةَ فِي عِرْضِ الْمُسْلِمِ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ.” أبو داوود صحيح الألباني
“The most prevalent kind of usury (riba) is going to lengths in talking unjustly against a Muslim’s honour.”
And he, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:
ذَكَرَ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَعَدَ عَلَى بَعِيرِهِ، وَأَمْسَكَ إِنْسَانٌ بِخِطَامِهِ أَوْ بِزِمَامِهِ قَالَ: ”أَىُّ يَوْمٍ هَذَا.” فَسَكَتْنَا حَتَّى ظَنَنَّا أَنَّهُ سَيُسَمِّيهِ سِوَى اسْمِهِ. قَالَ: ”أَلَيْسَ يَوْمَ النَّحْرِ.” قُلْنَا: بَلَى. قَالَ: ”فَأَىُّ شَهْرٍ هَذَا.” فَسَكَتْنَا حَتَّى ظَنَنَّا أَنَّهُ سَيُسَمِّيهِ بِغَيْرِ اسْمِهِ. فَقَالَ: ”أَلَيْسَ بِذِي الْحِجَّةِ.” قُلْنَا: بَلَى. قَالَ: “فَإِنَّ دِمَاءَكُمْ وَأَمْوَالَكُمْ وَأَعْرَاضَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ حَرَامٌ كَحُرْمَةِ يَوْمِكُمْ هَذَا، فِي شَهْرِكُمْ هَذَا، فِي بَلَدِكُمْ هَذَا. لِيُبَلِّغِ الشَّاهِدُ الْغَائِبَ، فَإِنَّ الشَّاهِدَ عَسَى أَنْ يُبَلِّغَ مَنْ هُوَ أَوْعَى لَهُ مِنْهُ.” متفق عليه
“Your blood, your wealth and your honour are sacred among you, as sacred as this day of yours in this month of yours in this land of yours. Let those who are present convey it to those who are absent; perhaps he will convey it to one who has more understanding than he does.”
This is Agreed upon [by Imam Muslim & al-Bukhari], from the hadith of Abu Bakrah.
One of the worst types of al-gheebah and one which is most emphatically forbidden is to look down upon a Muslim and do one’s utmost to insult him, show disrespect towards him and cast aspersions upon his honour. This is a blameworthy characteristic and a serious malady; it is one of the major sins and the one who does this is subject to the warning and a severe punishment.
And Allah knows best.
Sheikh Sulaymaan bin Naasir al-‘Alwaan